Social Norms of Income Distribution

During the period somewhere in the range of 1929 and 1953, the United States word related compensation proportions and gaining disparity is declined, for the most part across World War II (Ober 1948, Phelps Brown 1977, Williamson and Lindert 1980, Goldin and Margo 1922b). The proof demonstrated that the state of salary disparity was event in that period. Additionally, the issue of salary disparity is declined. Yet, the issue of salary imbalance is existed. The administration can't spread the salary distibution equitably. Numerous reasons discouraged the pay dispersion equally. In my conversation, I concentrate to disclose five motivations to impact the salary appropriation in the United States in the twentieth century. Changing in accepted practices is identified with the pay disseminations. Numerous individuals feel that ladies spoke to a less expensive option for managers. Their occupations were seen as transitory to be deserted for marriage and a home. High turnover joined with a huge pool of substitutions in any occupation will in general discourage compensation, however it additionally implies there is no motivation to give profession openings or contribute a lot of exertion to prepare people for greater duty. Subsequently, ladies would in general fill the more specific and lower-paying work, while men moved into the new office supervisor jobs. The truth of the matter is that administrative, administration, and deals work doesn't yield noteworthy money related comes back to individuals with progressively formal training or longer work understanding (Bibb and Form, 1977). In enormous part, this is on the grounds that the vast majority of these are low roof professions, ailing in significant advancement open doors for more lucrative positions. The occupations have been filled favorable situation by one sex or the other. The fact of the matter is emphatically affecting the salary dispersions. The purpose of the unionization is identified with the salary disseminations. Associations have improved wages and advantages, expanded professional stability, and shielded specialists from prejudicial administrative choices. Male laborers are bound to be individuals from worker's guilds, in this manner getting a charge out of the benefits of aggregate expecting compensation and acquiring more than ladies (Flaherty and Caniglia, 1992). Generally, ladies are about half as prone to be patrons as men. Rinehart composed,  ¡Ã¢ § This convenience to industrialist power was formalized in what is known as the post  ¡V World War II bargain fashioned amidst the exceptional class battles of the 1940s. This settlement between work, enormous capital, and the state highlighted the foundation of another modern relations framework and specified a lot of exchange  ¡V off. Associations were legitimately perceived and concurred hierarchical security.â ¡ (P.184) Changing in the training level of the populace is identified with the salary dispersion. In the U.S, the money related come back to a college or professional education likewise declined during the 1970s. One clarification of this wonder was the considerable increment the extent of the populace going to college, especially the passage into the work power of the  ¡Ã¢ § Baby-Boomâ ¡ age during the 1970s (Welch 1979). Freeman (1976, 1980) contended that the interest for taught laborers likewise declined, with the goal that not the entirety of the adjustment in relative profit could be credited to brief advancements on the gracefully side. Dooley (1986) presumed that the section of the enormous baby ¡Vboom associate during this period lowered income development for this gathering, yet that this segment impact couldn't represent the watched frightening of profit differentials by level of training. Dooleyâ ¡s results along these lines recommend that request  ¡V side powers may likew ise have assumed a job. Changing in the age structure of the populace is identified with the pay dissemination. The states of the procuring streams mirror the principle key components which is income increment with age yet at a diminishing rate. This sunken shape mirrors the way that people by and large keep on making human capital interests as hands on preparing and work experience once they have entered the work power. This professional training adds more to their efficiency and gaining s right off the bat in their vocations because of unavoidable losses to encounter. Be that as it may, to the degree that instruction builds profitability, people with a similar measure of work experience however more training will win more, maybe significantly more. Relocation is identified with the pay appropriation. Monetary hypothesis predicts that the powers of rivalry would serve to lessen unadulterated provincial pay differentials with the goal that they reflect repaying contrasts, short-run changes, or noncompetitive variables. Those powers of rivalry were the development of capital from high-to low-wage regions, and the development of work from low-to high-wage zones. Observational proof will in general confirm the ramifications of movement as a human capital choice. In an ongoing report, Osberg, Gordon, and Lin (1994) investigate the determinants of interregional and interindustry portability of people in the Maritimes. Utilizing the 1986-87 LMAS, they locate that more youthful people and those with higher expected pay gains are bound to move. Too, the procedure of relocation will in general diminish the territorial variations that initiate the movement choice. Taking everything into account, the five reasons are impact the salary circulation in the United States in the twentieth century. The normal practices show that the pay imbalance is occurred among people. The unionization shows that the associations have a capacity to improve the wages and advantages for their individuals. In this circumstance, the salary imbalance is occurred between unionâ ¡s individuals and non-associations individuals. In spite of the fact that the interest for training laborers was declined, instruction individuals despite everything gain more than the uneducated individuals do in light of the fact that they have a skill information and experience. Movement is benefits for the youthful people. They can get an opportunity to substantiate themselves. Consequently, the development of relocation diminishes the provincial inconsistencies.

Traditional Vs Modern Ideologies free essay sample

R. K Narayan (1906-2001) is one of the most renowned and broadly realized Indian English language creator. He has composed many short stories and books however is very notable for his fanciful town Magudi and his books, for example, Swami and Friends, The Bachelor Arts, The English Teacher, The Financial Expert and The Guide. Narayan is viewed as a main figure in Indian English writing alongside Mulk Raj Anand and Raja Rao. He composed around when India was colonized by the British during the twentieth century accordingly a great deal of his works are impacted by the occasions that occurred everywhere during that period. At the point when British colonized India they carried alongside them an alternate culture. The Britishers totally westernized India with their improvement of English schools, government workplaces, transportation and considerably more. As properly said by Dr. Madhukar Nikam, â€Å"The author in the colonized nation would in general absorb the way of life of the pilgrim force and feel a recognizable ity and some fondness for it, despite the fact that the experience of expansionism may have dampened and destabilized his own colonized culture† (Nikam â€Å"R. We will compose a custom exposition test on Customary Vs Modern Ideologies or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page K Narayan as a Post-Colonial Novelist† 2012: 25) Narayan’s anecdotal town Malgudi which is situated in South India was made by the creator so as to get away from the dictators of the British provincial standard. As Nilufer Bharucha talks about it in her exposition â€Å"Colonial Enclosures and Autonomous Spaces: R. K Narayan’s Malgudi†, â€Å"fictional town of Malgudi was a sovereign space, free of supreme control. Malgudi stated a pre-frontier request and particular Indian culture and culture inside the reductiveness of colonialism†. She utilizes the word â€Å"Utopia† (Bharucha â€Å"Colonial Enclosures and Autonomous Spaces: R. K Narayan’s Malgudi† 129) which is splendidly appropriate for this town. Everybody couldn't imagine anything better than to live in a hassel free town like Malgudi. The accounts have all the earmarks of being straightforward yet clever. From Narayan’s absolute first novel Swami and Friends till The World of Nagaraj (one of his last works) it has been a significant excursion, we see Malgudi gradually experiencing through a great deal of changes. In his absolute last novel The World of Nagaraj (1990) we notice change occurring in this serene town of Malgudi where westernization has appeared. I will be along these lines investigating how Narayan’s last novel delineates changes in the postcolonial India and its outcome on the more youthful age (in the book) eventually making clashes between two philosophies. The story spins around the hero Nagaraj who calls himself â€Å"a man with mission† (Narayan,The World of Nagraj, 2005: 1) , yet he isn’t clear on what his crucial. He lives easily in an enormous house left by his dad on Kabir Street with his better half Sita and his mom. He goes through his day strolling around the town of Malgudi and meeting individuals from the area as he strolls by. He carries on with a restful life working at Coomar’s Boeing Sari Center during the day for Coomar caring for the records. He works there for nothing in light of the fact that â€Å"this course of action leaves me allowed to travel every which way when I like† (The World, 24). Later he would stroll back home and sit on the veranda of his home watching the individuals pass by and intending to compose a book on the heavenly savvy Narada however can't do as such. The difficulty begins when his nephew Tim (his senior sibling Gopu’s child) comes to Malgudi and plans to remain with them. Tim unmistakably speaks to the more youthful age who is influenced by the urbanization and westernization of the Indian culture. He went out on the grounds that he considered him a â€Å"Donkey† (The World, 37). The creator here is likely ridiculing at the more youthful part for having low resistance level. Nagaraj plans to assume full liability of Tim and the problem begins when Tim doesn’t hold fast to Nagaraj’s method of living. Over the span of the novel we come to realize that Tim has dropped out of the Albert Mission Junior College and works at a club called Kismet in New Extension. Kismet speaks to the embodiment of westernization in a town like Malgudi. Nagaraj who is of the customary attitude for him the word bourbon itself is a â€Å"horrible word, not for Kabir Street families† and Kismet is â€Å"such an unpleasant spot that one ought not be seen there† (The World, 59). So as to get Tim progressing nicely his dad intends to get him wedded to an appropriate little youngster. â€Å"Tim was intrigued as well as overwhelmed† (The World, 91) with Saroja who had an ability for singing and playing harmonium which Nagaraj discovered exceptionally upsetting. After marriage we see that Tim and Saroja consistently keet to themselves and not long after when Tim chooses to let Saroja work alongside him at Kismet Club as an artist this circumstance absolutely stuns Nagaraj. He does whatever it takes not to manage it by focusing on his book. Towards the finish of the novel Tim and Saroja leave the Kabir Street simply because Nagaraj didn’t stand and acknowledge Saroja’s singing. The occasion again criticizes at the silliness and fretfulness of the youngsters. Narayan portrays in his novel the effect of industrialization, breaking down of the families and the outcomes of present day training well overall. While perusing the account we see a great deal of occurrences which indicate the changes occurring in Malgudi. An essential model was that of the paper, â€Å"Only one sheet for ten paise and one side loaded up with ads! † (The World, 2). This unmistakably shows how papers have totally gotten entrepreneur, increasingly keen on bringing in cash and growing their business than to really give news to the overall population. Another delineation is Bari’s fixed shop that highly esteems selling remote merchandise as he says-â€Å"â€Å"I import pens the like of which you can’t see anywhere†¦ may have known about Hamilton Bond. It’s world celebrated the best in the world†Ã¢â‚¬  (The World, 23). The creator obviously shows how loading on imported fixed turns into a selling point for Bari and how the mass become captivated and dazzled by it. This shows the enduring effect that British has made upon us, As Nilufer Bharucha calls attention to â€Å"the remote paper and pens repeat indeed the reliance and associative pluralisation and polarization just as thoughts of the middle, edges and peripheries in pioneer/postcolonial spaces† (Bharucha â€Å"Colonial Enclosures and Autonomous Spaces: R. K Narayan’s Malgudi† 150). Another viewpoint which goes unnoticed is when Nagaraj chooses to begin composing his novel in regards to the sage Narada he likes to compose it in English considering it is a widespread language and would need everybody to think about the sage. â€Å"This perhaps an unexpected reference to the proceeding with significance and worldwide nearness of the English language, much after the passing of the Empire† (Bharucha â€Å"Colonial Enclosures and Autonomous Spaces: R. K Narayan’s Malgudi† 151). The portrayal additionally manages risky connection between relative and little girl in-law because of the distinctions in their mentality and convictions. â€Å"Most of the Narayan’s stories will be accounts of characters drawn from each stroll of life†¦They present a cross segment of Indian culture† (Khatri. R. K Narayan:Reflections and Re-assessment 2006: 13). The parcel of kitchen when Gopu wedded Charu and the entire scene of lamp fuel oven and mud broiler draws out the conflicts among more youthful and more established ages. She goes herself to Chettiar’s shop, purchases something and returns home. Never knew about any young lady going out to a shop without anyone else. She has brought from her parent’s house her own oven and vessels, and gives her better half what she loves. I never see her side of the kitchen. (The World, 29) Mother accepts that food prepared over smoky kindling in the mud broiler was restorative while lamp oil fire caused throat inconvenience. To demonstrate it she cleaned out her nose and sniffled when Charu lit her lamp fuel oven. Charu overlooked propositions frameworks and stated, ‘Mother, a wood fire prompts cold and eye ailment, that’s what my mom used to say†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (The World, 30) As referenced by Rajasverrie Naido in his theory â€Å"R. K Narayan’s Malgudi Novels: A Critical investigation of Theme and Character†, â€Å"In these beguiling scenes of family life, Narayan catches the pressure which emerges when more seasoned and more youthful ages work together, and the delicacy of such connections become evident† (Naido â€Å"R. K Narayan’s Malgudi Novels: A Critical investigation of Theme and Character† 317). The creator manages the breakdown of the joint family when his dad bites the dust, when Gopu chooses to leave the town of Malgudi and chooses to remain alone with his significant other. The epic finishes strong with Tim and Saroja back at the Kabir Street with their older folks and dependant on them. We concur with Rajasverrie Naido that, â€Å"The epic finishes on a hopeful note, that of compromise. Nagaraj and Sita bargain their standards and adjust to suit Tim and Saroja whose ultra present day way of life has end up being terrible. † We likewise perceive how the harmonium is back in the room and Nagaraj’s fantasy about composing the novel stays deficient. In this manner we can close by saying that â€Å"The universe of Narayan’s short stories is, accordingly not just anecdotal, it is simultaneously all inclusive. Malgudi is bound world dimensionally yet to its constrained physical compass it grasps the monster of human

You Got The Gig

You Got The Gig Hi!! First of all, IM SO EXCITED TO BE AN MIT BLOGGER!! When I got that message from the infamous King of the Internet, Chris Peterson, that said YOU GOT THE GIG! I simply did not believe it.   I was sitting in a lab at Stony Brook University back in New York, supervising my nine high school students with their materials science research projects.   I looked at my computer and I saw the e-mail, and it was just necessary to post the cute caterpillar in order to perfectly emulate my reaction on that day. Now, how about a proper introduction?   My name is Rachel, and I love course 3 (materials science).   I love looking at how materials are made and how they work and I love blending plastics for hours and hours.   Ive mostly focused my research in the past on biodegradable flame retardant plastics, and I was actually chosen as a finalist in a pretty well known science competition, the Intel Science Talent Search!   I got to go to Washington D.C. for a week and I met the most intelligent and wonderful people in the world, some of which are also going to MIT! Actually, the day I came back from the Intel Science Talent Institute (the Washington D.C. trip) was pi day, March 14th, 2012.   I remember this not only because it was the day of pi, but also because it was the day when regular decision admissions results came out for MIT!!  I was deferred back in December and had low expectations, but I hoped that my new jobs and science success after my deferral would help with getting into my dream school. I remember being exhausted on that pi day, because the day before I met the president of the United States of America.   His name was Mr. President and we had to call him that (we practiced saying it multiple times before he came into the room) and he was very tall and he had soft hands and all forty of us finalists took a group picture with him in a room in the White House and he was happy and we were happy and it was quite incredible. After we chilled with the President and met a bunch of Senators, we all dressed up super pretty for the final awards ceremony!   It was so much fun and everyone looked so wonderful! Afterwards, we had a dance event and all danced like crazy people, and then we hung out for the remainder of the night/morning. Therefore, I was rather tired the next day when I had a very long train ride home with the other New Yorkers.   When I got home, I sat in front of the computer for a good fifteen minutes refreshing my browser, practically falling asleep at the keyboard.   The result finally showed up, and I actually got admitted to my dream school!!   I WAS SO HAPPY, but there wasnt much energy in me to get overly happy as usual.   I updated all my social networks (being the social media freak that I am), dragged my feet downstairs, and told my mom that I was going to MIT.   She said okay, and then I crawled up the stairs and passed out on my bed. One hour later, I heard the beeper go off on my dresser.  Did I mention that Im a volunteer firefighter? So whenever I am home, I go on calls on a quest to save the world.   Im technically only in the fire company, but since its such a small department I go on ambulance calls a lot to help carry things and take down information onto forms and stuff.   The night I got back from Intel and found out about MIT, I got an ambulance call.   I went on the call, and there was a lady at a house and she was sick.   She was an AP Calculus teacher, so I told her about my research.   And MIT.   And Obama. And she was okay.   She was in a lot of pain, but she liked talking to me and I liked talking to her, and she was calm when we brought her in on a stretcher to the hospital.   I hope shes still okay. After I got back from the ambulance call, I went straight to bed and slept for a little bit and then I went to school.   All day people were congratulating me, and I thought it was about the weekend.   I think it was about the weekend.   But then someone said congrats on MIT, and I thought, what? Turns out I did actually get into my dream school.   What?? It didnt make sense.   I remember feeling the tears again as I thought back to the day I got the call from Society for Science the Public.   A lady was on the phone and she said youre a finalist for the Intel Science Talent Search. And I asked her if she was being serious and then I just sat down in the hallways at school and cried from excitement and disbelief that I could actually accomplish something like that. The coolest thing is that everyone else here at MIT feels the same. Us froshies are all so confused on how or why we got admitted to this incredible university the sickest place in the world. I was so scared at first that I wouldnt fit in that Im just not smart enough, even if I did get the gig. But all of these people are just like me they love to build, explore, cause chaos, break rules, play with polymers (okay maybe thats just me…), and be super quirky. As I get to know them, Im starting to realize that I dont need to get perfect grades or do everything I can succeed just as much as anyone else through doing really awesome UROPs and internships and fighting fires and playing with polymers.   You dont have to cure cancer or meet the president or take over the world to get into MIT; you need to have the passion to save the world one day at a time through doing things that you love to do. I like MIT.   I cant wait to share my adventures and stories with you all, and I hope that you enjoy reading about them in the future :) Its nice to meet you!

Taming Democracy - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 556 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/02/15 Category Politics Essay Level High school Tags: Democracy Essay Did you like this example? The American Revolution, how did it effect America? How did it evolve if it did? Before we answer any of those questions we must first answer the question of what the American revolution really was. The American revolution was something that some believed was inevitable due to the fact that the British government tried to rule over the American colonies from a distance and not really trying to hear what the colonist had to say about the way they wanted to be ruled. This angered the colonist causing them to revolt against laws, and taxation. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Taming Democracy" essay for you Create order The final turning point that officially started the war between the colonies and Britain was the Boston Massacre. The Boston massacre was caused by a young boy being pushed to the ground of by a British soldier. A group of colonist began to revolt by joining to create a mob of people armed with sticks, bricks, and anything else they could get their hands on. Five colonists were eventually shot by a group of redcoats causing the American Revolution to fully form into an all-out war. x The vison of ’76. Bouton describes the vison as the colonist â€Å"attempting to instill the new idea of governance in which the government worked to make ordinary white men independent property owner and diminish power of the affluent.† (Bouton pg. 32) These economically and politically driven goals formed what the Pennsylvanians thought the revolution was about to them. This cause a ripple effect of ordinary Pennsylvanians calling for more powerful economic and political system stronger t han ever before. As more people called for this and adopted the ideology of the vision of ’76 it helped Pennsylvania’s Revolution become perhaps one of the most democratic revolutions in the new world. They believed that concentration of wealth and power lead to corruption and tyrannical rulers. This can be shown by the roman empire who became filled with greed of power and new land and eventually leading to corruption plus the downfall of their empire. Winning the war. Winning the war brought about a new coming for the colonist. It gave them the ability to create their own governments with their own laws and system of ways. Given the opportunity some states decided to use the British way of living as the base for their government and take out or add whatever they wanted. They changed things like taxation, finance, and trading laws. It also brought new voting rights in some ways. To vote you still had to own land but they reduced the amount of land needed to actually vote. They also ga ve the â€Å"common man† new powers and privileges. With those good changes came a spur devastating times for the colonist. The 1780’s is known as the â€Å"The Crisis of the 1780’s†. During this time period there was a lack of money causing panic among the colonist. But farmers had it the worst to me with the lack of property like cows, horses, or land. Some farmers had to live on cottages sometimes they would switch if another landlord offered better but would stay in the same position money wise overall. Their new government didn’t come easily there was a lot of petitions and arguing to figure out whose definition of democracy and whose vision of the revolution would be chosen for the new United States.

Using Essay Topics Books

Using Essay Topics Books The Essay Topics Books Trap Among other requirements for the lengthy essay, there's a point about topics. As tempting as it might appear to skip past the extra info and go right to the list of persuasive essay topics, don't do it. Since you may see, the topics are split between multiple categories so it would be simpler that you select one. So now you are aware of how to pick the best compare and contrast topics and the various segments which you want to address when writing. Merely mentioning the similarities and differences isn't enough if one may not analyze the principal ideas. The above mentioned compare and contrast essay topics are only a few of the numerous topics it is possible to decide to talk about in your essay. You see that it's an unusual topic which may be quite hard to imagine or explain, but some students might just turn that topic into a masterpiece. Lucky for you, there are a lot of topics you could concentrate on when writing and it's all your responsibility to figure out the precise topic that you wish to build on. Essay Topics Books - Overview At any time you catch yourself feeling captivated by a person's essay or article, take a better look at it. The tendency of reading a book is just one of the greatest habits someone can inculcate. A great book can change our life once and for all. Searching it depends on the particular requirement and mental situation of a reader while searching. An exceptional quantity of writing w as devoted to the field of race. Your essay may revolve around gender issues from different regions of the world such as women rights in the Middle East and so forth. Thus, don't be afraid to consult her or him if you stuck when selecting a topic. If you're still having problems making a determination, then you always have the option to request assistance from our professional essay writers who can help you get the best topic. The ESL essay ought to be grammatically accurate. It is often as large or as small as it is possible to consider! The Chronicles of Essay Topics Books No paper written for one more client is used for a different customer. It is possible to also order a fully written compare and contrast essay and alleviate the quantity of work you need to do. Writing is a particular gift that it is possible to develop, but should you really feel like it isn't your thing, our crew of professional writers can help to finish an essay from scratch or do paper editing you 've already done. So, books are always there for your rescue just enjoy a very best friend regardless of what type of a situation you're in. You also know how to locate sources and the very best kind to utilize in your paper to ensure it is relevant and interesting. You may believe that interesting essay titles do all of the work, enabling you to add obvious examples and share ordinary ideas. An essay is simply a string of thoughts which were put in order to earn a coherent idea. The option of evaluation essay topic is a significant step before writing. You will find that a lot of the topics can be adapted to suit almost any sort of writing assignment. Be that as it could, the topic for your essay is a vital thing that has to be chosen carefully and with higher precision. Introducing Essay Topics Books Other people read books on various subjects to broaden their knowledge generally. There are many books that were made into movies. For the very first time ever, you may now order your own Magoosh GRE prep book on Amazon. Come to consider it, the book doesn't devote any time speaking about different scores and what the scorers are seeking. Students who excel in writing about such complex topic can have an opportunity to be enrolled into a number of the ideal Art universities to come up with their abilities and talent. At the close of the day, it can be difficult to discover great GRE practice tests, so if you're preparing over a long duration of time, buying at least one PowerPrep PLUS test is an excellent idea. Rumors, Lies and Essay Topics Books Many books on varied subjects are offered on the market and in libraries around the world. In other sorts of essays, the content can fluctuate. There are separate guides on the suitable means to form a bibliography.

Alcohol and Tobacco Free Essays

Alcohol and tobacco use is becoming more common every day in our society. The media is continuously advertising tobacco companies and different brands of alcohol, while the government is continuously sending warning messages about the harm that alcohol and tobacco can cause. Tobacco can forever damage you’re your internal organs, while alcohol can cause major damage to your body as well as the people surrounding you. We will write a custom essay sample on Alcohol and Tobacco or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although the public knows about the negative effects of these products, people still continue to use the substances without thinking twice. These products are legal if you are of age, so people will continue to experiment with alcohol and tobacco. On the other hand, drugs are not legal and are not advertised all over the media because they are prohibited in our society. If drugs were legal, experimentation and usage of these dangerous and deadly drugs would skyrocket. The usage of alcohol and tobacco is legal, but the usage of drugs should be prohibited in the United States. A theory is that if a person tries one drug such as marijuana, there is a high likelihood that that person will eventually try a harder drug such as cocaine. This is a very scary thought. If drugs were legal, many more individuals would be trying them. The media would be advertising cocaine like it was voldka. There is a large difference between these two products. People would feel like it was okay to experiment with the drug because its usage was legal. This could be harmful, because everyone can have a different effect to each drug. Drugs such as cocaine and heroin are highly addictive and dangerous. They not only cause damage to the person using but also to surrounding people. I am not trying to undersize alcohol and the damage it can cause, but at least there are laws against driving while intoxicated so that you can prevent yourself from harming another individual. Tobacco use affects your body in the long run, but other than second hand smoke, it does not directly put others in danger. Certain drugs can make a person spiral out of control and make them do certain things that they would never do if they were clean. A counter viewpoint is that drugs should be legalized because it is a person choice to use or consume whatever they wish. Advocates of legalizing drugs say that people will use drugs if they have the desire to whether it is legal or illegal. They mention that what is the difference between tobacco and alcohol versus drugs. Alcohol can be just as damaging to other people as drugs can be sometimes. The United States is a free country where we can speak how we feel and do how we feel and no one can tell us how to live our life. They say that if people want to use alcohol, tobacco and illegal drugs, they should have the freedom to do so. Both sides make valid points, but I definitely feel that drug usage would contaminate our society even more. How to cite Alcohol and Tobacco, Papers Alcohol and Tobacco Free Essays Alcohol and tobacco use is becoming more common every day in our society. The media is continuously advertising tobacco companies and different brands of alcohol, while the government is continuously sending warning messages about the harm that alcohol and tobacco can cause. Tobacco can forever damage you’re your internal organs, while alcohol can cause major damage to your body as well as the people surrounding you. We will write a custom essay sample on Alcohol and Tobacco or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although the public knows about the negative effects of these products, people still continue to use the substances without thinking twice. These products are legal if you are of age, so people will continue to experiment with alcohol and tobacco. On the other hand, drugs are not legal and are not advertised all over the media because they are prohibited in our society. If drugs were legal, experimentation and usage of these dangerous and deadly drugs would skyrocket. The usage of alcohol and tobacco is legal, but the usage of drugs should be prohibited in the United States. A theory is that if a person tries one drug such as marijuana, there is a high likelihood that that person will eventually try a harder drug such as cocaine. This is a very scary thought. If drugs were legal, many more individuals would be trying them. The media would be advertising cocaine like it was voldka. There is a large difference between these two products. People would feel like it was okay to experiment with the drug because its usage was legal. This could be harmful, because everyone can have a different effect to each drug. Drugs such as cocaine and heroin are highly addictive and dangerous. They not only cause damage to the person using but also to surrounding people. I am not trying to undersize alcohol and the damage it can cause, but at least there are laws against driving while intoxicated so that you can prevent yourself from harming another individual. Tobacco use affects your body in the long run, but other than second hand smoke, it does not directly put others in danger. Certain drugs can make a person spiral out of control and make them do certain things that they would never do if they were clean. A counter viewpoint is that drugs should be legalized because it is a person choice to use or consume whatever they wish. Advocates of legalizing drugs say that people will use drugs if they have the desire to whether it is legal or illegal. They mention that what is the difference between tobacco and alcohol versus drugs. Alcohol can be just as damaging to other people as drugs can be sometimes. The United States is a free country where we can speak how we feel and do how we feel and no one can tell us how to live our life. They say that if people want to use alcohol, tobacco and illegal drugs, they should have the freedom to do so. Both sides make valid points, but I definitely feel that drug usage would contaminate our society even more. How to cite Alcohol and Tobacco, Essay examples

Social Darwinism Essay Example

Social Darwinism Essay In the wild, animals compete against one another for survival, fighting to keep their spot in the world. America, along with every other country goes through tough economic struggle, where the population has to fight in order to survive. Social Darwinism is a term used to describe the idea that humans, like animals and plants, compete in a struggle for existence in which natural selection results in survival of the fittest. People living in the United States indeed, have to fight for many things in life such as jobs, sports, and ___ thus showing that social Darwinism is something that occurs.The economy nowadays has made life hard for everyone living in the United States. Job opportunities are tough to come by and only few people are able to get hired. In order to survive, one must be financially stable but without a decent job life becomes a battle. When applying for a job, a hiring manager interviews people, deciding on which person has the most potential to succeed in the position that is needed. Someone who has graduated college, has great work experience and a good background would have a better chance at landing a job, compared to someone who has not been through college, doesn’t have work experience, and has a bad record. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Darwinism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Social Darwinism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Social Darwinism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The saying â€Å"survival of the fittest† is implying that someone who has worked hard all their lives would over power someone who has not worked hard. Social Darwinism states that people compete in social activities, and in this case one who is stronger will land a job, climbing up the social ladder to success. In addition to people showing social Darwinism in the workplace, people also show social Darwinism in sports. Sports are a big thing in the United States, along with many other countries. In sports people compete in order to win.With social Darwinism it says that you compete against something, making the â€Å"survival of the fittest† come out on top. In sports people compete for positions, for example: if you play a certain position and someone also plays that certain position, a coach would choose the strongest player to play that position in games. With social Darwinism, competing is shown in many things in life, but with sports it is most show, because competition is the main reason people play sports, to be the strongest team, competing against weaker teams to win.Along with sports showing social Darwinism, social Darwinism is also shown in smaller aspects of life such as game shows. Television is something humans enjoy to watch, including game shows. In a game show contestants compete against one another to win whatever they may be competing for, whether it is money, a car, or a vacation. In order to win the game show, one must be stronger than their oppnents; this is an example of social Darwinism. Social Darwinism means people socially competing against one another in life in order to survive, and only the strongest would survive while the weak die out.With social Darwinism people don’t always compete to survive they compete in social aspects of life such as climbing up the social ladder. Social Darwinism is a term created by Darwin’s theory of natural slection. The survival of the fittest in the wild life, with animals also applies in life with humans. In life people must compete in life in order to survive, money is a huge part of life and without it, it is impossible to live, so by social Darwinism people compete in the workplace, earning jobs and getting hired.Only the stronger person would get the job compared to someone weak. People also show social Darwinism in sports, people competing for certain position, and in tournaments, the stronger team would win rather than the weaker team. Also last but not least, social Darwinism is shown through social events such as game shows, competing for money, cars, and vacations, only having the strongest person win the competition. Life is a huge competition; if you want to be successful you must work hard and come out on top.

Equity in the Academic Labor Market

Equity in the Academic Labor Market Introduction The issue of equity in academic labor market has been already discussed by a number of people.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Equity in the Academic Labor Market specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The reasons of this investigation vary considerably: some researchers find it necessary to define the conditions under which academic disciplines may be considerably improved, some people want to introduce better conditions in a particular labor market, and in some investigations, the idea of gender and racial inequality turns out to be a rather significant question that has to be solved within a short period of time. During the last decade, several American researchers offer their ideas concerning the improvement of the conditions under which equity in academic labor market may be promoted, still, the analysis of academic disciplines shows that the necessary changes do not take place accordingly so tha t working conditions are improved. This is why it seems to be obligatory not to develop some new ideas and methods to solve the already defined problem but try to make use of the offered ideas and evaluate their effectiveness from a variety of perspectives. This is why the idea to use secondary research methods to investigate the equity in academic labor market and introduce the analysis of academic disciplines is considered to be powerful indeed. The evaluation of the already implemented hierarchical linear model (Umbach, 2007), certain analysis of academia population (Mayer Tikka, 2008), and attention to the data offered by the National Study of Postsecondary Faculty (Xu, 2007) will help to define the problems in academic labor market and propose the solutions which will be more appropriate to a particular population. Method and Design Description Taking into consideration the fact that the equity in the academic labor market has been already investigated by a number of researche rs, it is possible to rely on the secondary research method that aims at synthesizing and evaluating the already existing thoughts and material on the chosen topic. The data sources for the chosen method are considered to be the surveys offered by National Study of Postsecondary Faculty (NSOPF) and the articles where the required investigations are described.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The point is that gender inequality is the issue that bothers many people as female attempts to gain equity seem to be not comparable for women in each district of the USA as poor, less-educated women or the women of color cannot get an access to the gains which are available to white, rich, and properly educated women (Richardson Sandoval, 2007). The investigations of Umbach (2009) help to understand that market segmentation is considered to be an important aspect of sex differ ences which may be observed at the academic labor market because women have to work under poorer conditions characterized by lower prestige. The worth of the use of the hierarchical linear modeling has been already checked by such researchers like Umbach and Seifert (2007), this is why it is possible to focus on the same model to evaluate certain individual characteristics and their relation to academic salaries. In other words, some contextual effects which are inherent to academic disciplines and faculty salary equity will be taken into consideration (Umbach, 2007). Integration of the information from different sources will allow creating a clear background with the help of which the current diversity of academic people may be described. Equity in academia is regarded as unsolved issue, this is why any type of contribution to this sphere of life will become crucial. Strengths of the Chosen Method One of the powerful aspects of the chosen method is that certain attention is paid to the already identified problems and challenges. There is no need to conduct research to understand that is wrong with the academic disciplines and equity in the labor market. Several sufficient researchers have already admit that the number of women who may earn certification in the required education administration does not correspond to the national level, still, the results of the evaluation of the existing preparatory programs prove that women are more eager to gain knowledge in the academic sphere (Shakeshaft et al., 2007).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Equity in the Academic Labor Market specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The results of their investigations prove that women do face certain problems in the labor market, and the identification of the reasons of why so many people cannot solve the problem help to understand why the chosen concept is still under discussions. One more strong aspect of the method and the design under consideration is connected to the status of American women on the world arena. Women have to be invited to the academic staff, still, the already introduced gender stereotypes and social conditions under which women have to enter the labor market are not as successful as meant to be. Finally, the last strength of the envisioned method is that the current achievements in analyzing information should help to gain better understanding of the material offered by the researchers mentioned above. Time factor plays a very important role as people get more opportunities to investigate their possibilities and their achievements in different spheres. This is why it is not only better to use the offered secondary research method and focus on the already introduced findings but also more appropriate to learn what is already offered to society and make use of the achievements. Appropriateness of the Design Research design offered in this project will help to hold all the findings together. It should show the way of how the main parts of the project should be organized and the conditions which should be created for the research. The analysis of up-to-date literature, identification of the weaknesses in the sphere under consideration, and implementation of new ideas should encourage the researchers to develop new ideas and introduce new solutions of the old problems. The point is that equity in the academic labor market has been already identified as a problem to be solved, and the analysis of academic disciplines as well as the role of gender and racial factors should be re-evaluated. Stromquist (2007) admits that â€Å"education is related positively to individual, community, and national benefits† from a pure human capital perspective (p. 33).Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It seems rational to consider the reasons of why someone may think that the educational system is not perfect. Then, it is possible to underline the challenges possible in the academic labor market. And finally, it is necessary to use the already made achievements and the worth of the hierarchical linear model and apply this material to introduce some new ideas and suggestions on how the role of women as well as some other types of inequality should be solved in society. Weaknesses of the envisioned method and design In addition to the already identified strong aspects of the project, there is a list of weaknesses which have to be elaborated to achieve better results in the chosen investigation. Equity in the academic labor market and the analysis of academic disciplines should help to solve the problems because of which many people suffer nowadays. Unfortunately, it is not possible to implement the offered ideas in different countries, this is why such developed countries like the USA or China will get more chances to improve the conditions under which the labor market may be developed, and a number of developing countries fail to take the same steps. One more shortage of the chosen method is based on the lack of primary sources. On the one hand, it is beneficial to use the findings of professionals and be sure of their quality. On the other hand, the chosen method is not as powerful as it could be due to inabilities to make certain improvements during the analysis itself. There is a list of conditions which have to be taken into consideration, and there is no possibility to add some new components to the research. Justification of the Chosen Method and Design Alternative methods Among the existing variety of alternative methods which may be applied to investigate the chosen question, primary research such as interviews with the representatives of academic labor market or evaluation of the documents which describe difference academic disciplines and their pec uliarities. Still, such methods seem to be less desirable as certain findings have been already fixed but fewer positive achievements are defined. This is why it seems to be more appropriate to make use of the already gained material, consider the thoughts of professional researchers, and focus on equity that is so important in the academic labor market. Communication with direct representatives of the labor market as well as some empirical methods is possible, however, such methods require more time and efforts to be used. In addition, the choice of such alternative methods may promote some doubts on the ideas offered by Umbach or Mayer. Still, there are many people who support the ideas of these researchers, this is why it is more reasonable to make use of their suggestions and thoughts. Weakness of alternative methods The main weakness of the chosen alternative methods is inability to find appropriate evidences. It is possible to interview on group of people at the academic labor market, still, it is hard to prove that other representatives of the chosen labor market face the same challenges. A number of factors have to be taken into consideration, and it is challenging to create some new programs which promote the development of equity. This is why it is possible to use model programs and equitable assessment tools offered earlier (Nash et al., 2007) and pay more attention on the development of quality tools instead of searching some new aspects of old problems. The offered alternative methods have been already used in the middle of the 20th century. As soon as civil rights movement appeared in the middle of the 1960s (Toutkoushian, Bellas, Moore, 2007), people wanted to get to know why employers, who perform equal amounts of work, have to receive different salaries being the same representatives of the labor market. This is why the main weakness of the alternative methods – past experience proved that some problems may appear during the investigat ion of the chosen issue, and it is better to concentrate on the already got data and try to improve the conditions within a short period of time. Success of the offered methodology The success of the offered methodology is predetermined by several factors. First of all, it is easy to find powerful evidence of the chosen ideas. The support of such researchers like Umbach proves that the chosen way of analysis is beneficial indeed. Another important aspect of the research is the attention to HLM with the help of which it is possible to evaluate the role of human capital and certain structural characteristics of different disciplines. And finally, the offered ideas should help to improve the discipline outcomes and their role in the labor market. Statistical models are not integral nowadays as they do not introduce a clear and definite solution of the problem. And the chosen method and design should promote a new stage with the help of which it is possible to define the steps by means of which people will get a chance to achieve the required equity. Conclusion In general, the theme of equity in the academic labor market seems to be rather important and influential. In fact, the quality of life is defined by the conditions under which people get and give education. If some mistakes take place in the educational system, it is obligatory to eliminate them within a short period of time. However, a number of past investigations show that certain attempts and ideas are offered still cannot be elaborated accordingly. This is why it is necessary to take into consideration the already got data, evaluate the findings in the chosen sphere of life, and think about the improvements which may be done on the provided basis. There is no need to create some innovative approaches but focus on what is already offered and try to improve the academic market. The analysis of academic disciplines in the United States should be organized on the researches conducted from 2007 to 2009. Re ference List Mayer, A.J. Tikka, P.M. (2008, November). Family-friendly policies and gender bias in academia. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 30(4), 363-374. Nash, M.A., Klein, S.S., Bitters, B., Hobbs, S., Hotre, W.A., Shevtz., L., Wbarton, L. (2007). The role of government in advancing gender equity in education. In S.S. Klein (Eds.), Handbook for achieving gender equity through education (pp. 62-102). Mahwah: Routledge. Richardson, B. Sandoval, P. (2007). Impact of education on gender equity in employment and its outcomes. In S.S. Klein (Eds.), Handbook for achieving gender equity through education (pp. 43-58). Mahwah: Routledge. Seifert, T. Umach, P. (2008, June). The effects of faculty demographic characteristics and disciplinary context on dimensions of job satisfaction. Research in Higher Education, 49(4), 357-381. Shakeshaft, C., Brown, G., Irby, B.I., Grogan, M., Ballenger, J. (2007). Increasing gender equity in educational leadership. In S.S. Klein (E ds.), Handbook for achieving gender equity through education (pp. 103-130). Mahwah: Routledge. Stromquist, N. P. (2007). Gender equity education globally. In S.S. Klein (Eds.), Handbook for achieving gender equity through education (pp. 33-42). Mahwah: Routledge. Toutkoushian, R.K., Bellas, M.L., Moore, J.V. (2007, October). The interaction effects of gender, race, and marital status on faculty salaries. Journal of Higher Education, 78(5), p. 572-601. Umbach, P.D. (2007, March). Gender equity in the academic labor market: An analysis of academic disciplines. Research in Higher Education, 48(2), 169-192. Umbach, P.D. (2009, November). Sex segregation in academic labor markets and equity in faculty pay. Paper is published at the 34th Annual Conference of ASHE, Ralegh, NC, Xu, Y.J. (2007, May). Gender disparity in STEM disciplines: A study of faculty attrition and turnover intentions. Research in Higher Education, 49(7), 607-624.

What is a Prologue (and How to Write One) 7 Insider Tips from Editors

What is a Prologue (and How to Write One) 7 Insider Tips from Editors What Is a Prologue - and How to Write One Readers Won't Skip Some call it the "introduction" to a story, or a first of â€Å"two beginnings.† While there's some debate on how they function as a literary device (more on that later), it is agreed upon that a good prologue contains information that is vital to the rest of the story - though often not in a way that’s immediately apparent.A prologue is mainly necessary if it contains information that would hinder the narrative if present in the body of the novel. Think of it a bit like an appetizer: if done right, it can perfectly prepare you for the main course. If done carelessly, it can ruin your appetite for the novel.Before we talk about the best way to write a prologue, let's make sure we're all on the same page about what a prologue is - and isn’t.What is a prologue - and how is it different from a foreword, preface, and introduction?It’s easy to confuse prologues with prefaces - they’re both P-words that refer to the bit before the beginning of a book: the front matter. But they’re not the same, and neither are forewords or introductions.A prologue prepares the reader for the story they’re about to read with information that is necessary to have before the start of the novel itself. Mostly used in fiction.A foreword is written by someone who is not the author of the book - usually a public figure or authority on the subject matter at hand. The foreword explains some significant connection between its writer and the book or the book’s author. Used in both fiction and nonfictionA preface gives the reader a look at how the book came to be. It explains the goal of the book, its development, and acknowledges the parties who contributed to the book. Mostly used in nonfiction, sometimes in fiction. You can go this way to learn more about prefaces.An introduction deals specifically with the subject of the book. It might offer supplemental information or explain the perspective of the writer(s). While a preface doesn 't typically contain information critical to the reader’s understanding of the book, an introduction usually does. Mostly used in nonfiction.The prologue is the opposite of an epilogue, which comes at the end of a novel. Now we’re all clear on this particular literary device, let’s take a closer look at its purpose and determine whether it’s the right start for your story. Tips from professional editors on how to write a prologue that will stick with readers. How to write a prologue: tips from our editorsNo one hates being told â€Å"these are the rules† more than writers. We get it, writing is a personal thing and reading is a subjective pleasure. But since the popularization of the novel in the 18th century, certain ways of writing a prologue have emerged as being more reliable than others.Below are tips from our editors on its ideal uses, and suggestions for when an author is better off diving straight into Chapter One.Do write a prologue that...Provides a crucial glimpse into the past or future When you read the first chapter of a book, you expect to settle into a story you’ll spend the next couple hundred pages with. So a first chapter that starts at one point in time only to shoot forward or backward a significant number of years can feel a bit out of the blue. If some part of the backstory is an integral piece of knowledge to have at the outset of your novel, the prologue can be a good way of delivering this without throwing the reader off. Likewise some authors to start with the aftermath of the story, then double back in the first chapter to answer the question, "How did we get to this point?Recommended read: for an intro that begins in the present and then flashes back in time in the first chapter, read  The Bridges of Madison County. The mini-series adaptation of Pillars of the Earth, image: Tandem Communications)What makes this crucial information work as a prologue instead of just a first chapter is that it introduces the questions that the rest of the novel will spend answering: has this man been set up? Why? Will the woman’s curse serve to bring the guilty parties to justice? Set in 1123, twelve years prior to Chapter One, the prologue frames the themes that the story will explore.Pale Fire by Vladimir NabokovWritten by Vladimir Nabokov, Pale Fire is a novel in the form of a 999-line poem (yes you read that right. The poem itself has been written by fictional poet John Shade, and the novel opens with a â€Å"foreword† written by a neighbor and academic colleague of Shade, Charles Kinbote.Let me state that without my notes Shade's text simply has no human reality at all since the human reality of such a poem as his... has to depend entirely on the reality of its author and his surroundings, attac hments and so forth, a reality that only my notes can provide. To this statement my dear poet would probably not have subscribed, but, for better or worse, it is the commentator who has the last word.CHARLES KINBOTE Oct. 19, 1959, Cedarn, UtanaOf primary significance here is the fact that it immediately sets up an overarching theme of the novel: things are not always what they seem. A former editor-in-chief of Scholastic’s Magazine, Tim Major notes that his favorite prologue â€Å"appears to be separate from the novel but is in fact very much a part of it.†Nabokov also uses the prologue to introduce us to the notion of the unreliable narrator and puts the reader in a critical frame of mind. For example, Kinbote spends the majority of the foreword (which is meant to be about the poem it preludes), talking about himself, and steadfastly claims that his interpretation of the poem is the correct one while making vague and strange remarks that suggest a lack of self-awareness.For more examples of effective prologues, check out the following novels:Fantasy: A Game of Thrones by George RR MartinThriller: Empire Falls by Richard RussoLiterary: The Piano Tuner by Daniel MasonRomance: Water for Elephants by Sara GruenScience Fiction: Jurassic Park by Michael CrichtonTo prologue or not to prologue?Now that we’ve discussed what goes into a well-written prologue, you might still be doubting whether your story needs one. The fact is, if you’re unsure, it probably doesn’t. But this decision must be based on your story, and not on any preconceived ideas of good practice. Even when it comes to agents, there is dissent on the subject of prologues. Tim Major remarks, â€Å"Agents, publishers and readers must be hooked by the first line, paragraph and page of a novel by an unfamiliar author. I suspect that few writers would claim that their prologue represents the most compelling aspects of their novel.† While Andrea Hurst notes: â€Å"As an agent, if the intro is short, strong, and adds to the story, I enjoy it.†If you’ve written a prologue that wouldn’t work just as well as a first chapter, has clear and necessary relation to th e rest of the story, doesn’t serve just to hook readers, create atmosphere, or info-dump, and doesn’t begin with, â€Å"A long time ago in a galaxy far, far away,† then you must be on the right track.

Referee report for paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Referee report for paper - Essay Example Each group occupied different geographical locations in the country. Autocratic form of government did not change even under president Jomo Kenyatta, but transitions came after the second president, who turned it into democratic government. However, during the autocratic form of government, ethnic favouritism was highly practice by political leader. This is supported by the data on road building, found across various districts in Kenya during the period of 1963 to 2011. The data indicates that across the 1963-2011 periods, the co ethic districts with the president received more roads expenditure as compared to non co-ethnic group. However, the new democratic government changed these kinds of biases and brought a lot of changes in the country that led to economic growth (Schwartzberg, 1987). This paper has clearly revealed the importance of democracy in Kenya, a country which is vulnerable to ethnic favouritism. It has defined the term ethnic favouritism and examined the effects it ha s on the country’s economy. According to the paper, ethnic favouritism has being used in most developing countries by political leaders. However, the way this paper has examined the efforts of reintroducing democracy in order to tackle ethnic favouritism, is quite interesting. It has also provided evidence to illustrate how ethnic favouritism is practiced in developing countries. ... For instance, according to ethnic data it is reported that Kikuyu consist of 18.8%, Luhya 12.7%, Kalenjin 10.8%, and Luo 13.4% (Anderson, 1999). During the pre colonial period, these ethnic groups did not exist because the authority at the time was personal and local. However, after independence new rules and leaders emerged and led to development of provincial administration. This administration divided the country into provinces, districts, divisions, sub locations, and locations. Ethnic homogenous districts, therefore, emerged in the course of the country’s evolution, leading to segregation and geographical targeting by various races to form ethnic groups. 2. Ethnic favouritism as a political strategy The paper reveals ethnic favouritism as the main strategy used by political leaders in many developing countries. Political leaders may use ethnic favouritism with the fear that without proper tactics in political games, they may lose their positions to other competing politic ians. They, therefore, believe that practicing ethnic favouritism increases strongholds that propel them to higher positions in the government (Anderson, 1999). However, since ethnic favouritism is a political game, I would expect the author to elaborate more on the issue. For instance, explaining how politician utilizes ethnic favouritism in weakening their political opponent through silencing their ethnic groups. This can be done through weakening or shutting down the electoral institutions. If a political leader practices ethnic favouritism then he or she is unaccountable and unrepresentative to his or her own people. This is because there are a few people who are favoured while others are being taxed, yet these leaders manage to remain in power for decades. It is possible for a president

Rhetorical Analysis of My Dropout Boyfriend Kept Dropping In Essay

Rhetorical Analysis of My Dropout Boyfriend Kept Dropping In - Essay Example Now it was the â€Å"living outdoors† phase. The narrator-girlfriend defended her boyfriend by telling everyone that his act is a rebellious one, telling everyone that this is the boyfriend’s way of rebelling to the establishment. The â€Å"living outdoors† experiment of the boyfriend failed in the end. The narrator was partly happy because the boyfriend would finally return indoors, making everything â€Å"normal† again but then again, it is sad because the romance of living far from the reaches of technology and modern life failed as well. The text is actually a bit humoresque as it paints a picture of a college kid who is on the path to self-discovery. The lines â€Å"An  Oprah-esque voice in my head said: It doesn’t matter what people think as long as he feels fulfilled. But another voice in my head, the one that avoided self-help books and talk shows, was less convinced† saw through that. It is also very touching as it shows the persona also confused: will she support the boyfriend or not. Ultimately, she does because of her duty as a girlfriend but we know that she only does so because it’s her duty, and not because she passionately believes on the causes of the boyfriend. She is the practical one in the relationship, opting to stick to college. Her practicality even reaches up to the point that she knows what will happen to her after college, and the implications of being in college: â€Å"but over all once you attended college, you were on the straight-and-narrow path. Or at least, if the economy didn’t sink, you were on the non-homeless path.† The boyfriend is quite a compelling character. He is a typical â€Å"rebellious† kid, trying everything: being a â€Å"Goth, punk, anarchist, Marxist and Zen†. The girlfriend was so used to this lifestyle changes that she was not surprised when the boyfriend brought it up one day. This time, the reason was to be an ascetic, and he wants to follow the footsteps of Chris McCandless, the man who

Impact of skiing on mountain environments

Impact of skiing on mountain environments It is extremely easy to forget the impact imposed by skiing on the mountain environments. Most people believe the only effect that they have on the environment within mountain regions are the tracks in the snow left by their skis. However, there is strong evidence that skiing has both a social and more noticeably, environmental impacts that influence the natural environment. Some experts of the Alpine region suggest that tourists directly affect over half of the Alps entire surface area. It can therefore be stated that the Alps are now one of the most threatened mountain ecosystems on Earth. This viewpoint was further backed up by Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan, chairman of Alp Action, based in Geneva, which works towards preserving and restoring the Alpine habitat, saying that tourists have merely transported the problems of the city up 6,500 feet. As the majority of ski slopes take place on the sides of large, rugged mountains, the process of deforestation is required in order to create the downhill ski slopes. Deforestation can lead to the displacement of the natural habitats of resident birds as well as cause an increase in the surface runoff from the melt water flowing down the mountains once the snow has melted in the summer months. The problem of surface runoff is further increased by the alteration of the grade of the slope in order to make it suitable for skiers. This allows the melt water to flow quicker and results in the melt water coming into contact with few obstacles which can eventually lead to landslides. Other wildlife such as ibex, snow hares, and red deer are also affected by deforestation and the alteration of the slopes grade. Wildlife is initially affected by the development and expansion of the ski resorts, however, the human impact on wildlife can also be seen in the construction and maintenance of the s ki runs in the night time and by the numerous skiers during the daytime. An example of the affects on wildlife is the black grouse which resides in the Alps, Wales, Scotland and the Lake District. As a result of skiing, the black grouse now exists at only half its usual population density around ski resorts. However, the disturbance area is increasing in size as more and more people ski off-piste and intrude into the habitat of the black grouse. When examining the visual impacts of skiing on the mountain environment, it is easy to see that the monstrous metallic pylons which support the ski lifts and the ski lift terminals blemish the previously unscarred panoramic views. The implications of all of the developments within the mountain environment results in a snowballing affect and results in increased pressure on the environment. With the rise in popularity of some resorts such as Tignes and the Trois Vallà ©es in France, there is the added pressure of expansion of the resorts and the improvement of its facilities. The ski resorts are mainly built on confined valley floor areas and are therefore hemmed in by the surrounding mountainous environment. However, the need to accommodate the increasing numbers and demands of tourists means that resorts have had to expand resulting in further erosion of the mountain sides. The impact of skiers on the environment can be seen due to the increased problems of global warming within these areas. Over the past few years, scientists have proved that the snow levels in mountain areas such as the Alps in Europe have started to dwindle. Birgit Ottmer from the Swiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research based in the famous resort of Davos said that the Alpine areas below 1,600 metres are now receiving twenty per cent less snow. The future is even more unpromising with Michel Revaz of the Liechtenstein-based Alpine conservation society Cipra, stating that within fifty years all ski resorts below 1,200 metres wont have a chance and will go out of business. This is especially unwelcoming news for the majority of the ski resorts within Austria where seventy-five per cent of all of the ski lifts lie below 1,000 metres. The problem of snow levels has meant that new resorts are springing up further and further up the sides of the mountains. This migration of ski resorts will mean further visual impacts on the area with large accommodation blocks and pylons being erected further upland as well as an increase in the human affects on the higher altitude areas which have a more sensitive ecosystem. It is widely believed that aviation travel currently contributes about four per cent of the global carbon dioxide emissions. This is a worrying fact, especially when over thirty million international tourists fly into the Alpine region each year and the fact that Alpine tourism is only second in the world to the Mediterranean coast in the number of visiting tourists per annum. Once arrived in the Alpine region, the vast amounts of tourists generally reach the ski resorts by vehicles or even coaches supplied by the travel agencies. The increasing presence of vehicles within this environment has led to an increase in carbon emissions from the vehicles. Within some areas of the Alps, the pollutants reach the upland coniferous trees. Once this has happened, the pollutants weaken the evergreen trees which then become susceptible to insects and parasites. The United Nations recently carried out a study on the affects humans have on the mountain forests and discovered that acid rain and air pollution have damaged approximately sixty per cent of the Swiss, Italian, German and Austrian alpine forests. Another human impact which can be related to global warming is the retreat of the glaciers worldwide. Many skiers and snow boarders enjoy the thrill of skiing or snow boarding on glaciers. The tour guides usually put a great emphasis on the environment and the affects of humans on the mountain environment during the excursion; however, these tours may cease to exist in the near future with the retreat of the mountain glaciers. For example, Boulder Glacier in the North American state of Washington, is extremely popular with climbers, skiers and snow boarders. However, such activities have an increasingly short life as the glacier retreated an incredible four hundred and fifty metres between 1987 and 2005. The retreat of the glacier can be directly linked to the rise in the winter temperatures and to the reduction in snowfall levels within this region. There is an increasing problem with the amount of litter in the ski resorts. As is true anywhere else in the world, the majority of litter dropped does not degrade straight away or at all. However, in such a sensitive or delicate region, like the Alps, the effects are amplified. For instance an orange peel takes approximately two years to fully degrade, and cigarette butts can take up to five years to disintegrate. The chocolate wrappers or left over lunch that is left outside the mountain restaurants attract species which would not normally be found at such high altitudes. This alteration in the fragile ecosystem has a huge affect on the indigenous population of wildlife which eventually die out due to the invasive species. However, tourism can help sustain the mountain communities. The tourists provide a market for the local communities. There are over four and a half million beds for tourists within the Alps. The local communities have set up bed and breakfast accommodation as well as hostels and small, traditional hotels or chalets. This provides a vital economy for the local population even though the busiest periods are only during the winter months. Upon seeing that the majority of their business is seasonal, many of the locals in the ski resorts and surrounding villages have begun to diversify in order to sustain a living throughout the year. The local population have begun to offer summer outdoor activities to try and attract thrill-seeking or nature-loving tourists in the summer months. Many of those within the mountain communities offer guiding walks in the summer or activities such as rock climbing and driving off road vehicles through the rough terrain. The local authorities for ski resorts have only recently started to publicise visiting mountain areas in the summer months and are trying to advertise the ski resorts and villages as year-round destinations instead of solely winter locations. Tourism can help sustain human communities if the right methods are introduced by the local authorities, for example by ensuring that the local populations get their share of the money brought in by tourists so that the larger international tourism firms do not overpower the local businesses. This might include, the local authorities supporting local brands or shops and only allowing a certain number of international businesses or hotels into the region. Many learning schemes have also been introduced in order for the local population to learn other languages such as English in order to accommodate and to improve on the services provided to tourists visiting their town or village. Teaching the locals languages will help them both socially and economically and could even lead to their customers returning or attracting new customers by word of mouth due to the level of customer service. Having a second language allows local people who know the area and its surrounding environment best, to supply more annual activities such as guided walks. This will keep the economy within the area and result in a small rise in the prosperity of the local population. In conclusion, I believe that skiing is not a sustainable activity and has greater impacts on the mountain environment than it does improve it. The affects on the environment are detrimental and could mean that future generations will not be able to go and look at the Mont-Blanc Glacier in its current beauty but will be able to admire at it from text books due to its possible demise. However, I do have confidence in the fact that tourism can play a large role in sustaining and improving the local human communities and makes the mountain areas an extremely exciting and diverse area which is why so many people visit it each year.

Compare and contrast the main principles in psychoanalysis therapy and behavior therapy Essay

In generally, the majority of people are experienced in any condition of anxiety and depression as part of their life. Good mental health is defined as a person whose ability to satisfy in any condition as well as sustain his/her brain’s health in good relationships to others. (Grohol, 2008) However, Kendra Cherry (2010) educator also indicated that social contact must be needed in order to maintain their life balance.(p5-8) Undeniably, too many emotions have been brought about a huge amount of mental health problem which caused a very moody. The aim of this essay is to focus on the principles of mental health problem in psychoanalysis and behavior therapy, comparing these two therapies in detail. The main argument of this essay is to evaluate these two therapies whether they are effective or not. Main Body: Psychoanalysis therapy: According to Anthony Elliott (1995), ‘The relevance and importance of psychoanalysis is to concern the proliferation of approaches in social-theoretical thinking and the concept of physical health problem as it related in this essay.(p.5) Simply, psychoanalysis therapy is tend to release repressed emotions including addiction, anxiety and depression which used to treat and relax patient’s mind. To clarify human psyche of psychoanalysis therapy, psychoanalysis seems to be focused on early childhood. Steps in integration According to the book ‘Psychoanalysis, Literature and War’ (Steiner , 1997: 64-69), psychoanalytical process is likely to be reflected in early infantile development. For the psychological perspective, scientists discovered that the early infantile object relationships tend to influence deeply the whole of psychological work. For instance, when the happen to people during childhood could be affected later act as adults. Obviously, psychoanalytic therapy is made as a treatment which solve the conflicts between unconscious and conscious mind.In short, frequently, psychoanalysis therapy is tend to be clarified as a treatment to look how the unconscious influence the human’s thoughts and behaviors, especially during the early  childhood experience. Behavior therapy Behavior therapy also can be involved as a treatment which is focused on the idea we learn from the environment as well as influenced by observing the behaviors of others. Generally, the majority of people who have anxiety disorder, phobias and depression due to their behavior changes. These symptoms are likely happened because the behaviour change to emerge any problems which caused by the systematic desensitization. Behavior therapy of personality According to the book ‘Child and Adolescent Psychiatry’ (Lawrance, 2002) demonstrated that a type of techniques: respondent conditioning, operant conditioning and social learning are relied on the principles of operant conditioning. For example, teachers utilize punishment to attempt or alter students’ behaviour. Moreover, a child who finishes his works will get as a reward to go to the park. This practices mean that whether it is punishment or reward, reinforcement could be used to strengthen, develop or enhance behaviour. Moreover, behavior therapy also is likely to about observation. Observational learning basically refers to a type of processes. According to Art Markman (2013), ‘Attentional process is the act of perceiving or watching and learning from others.’ When people focus on goals and actions, the process is tend to allow for those who want to achieve that goal. Simply, the behavior would be reflected person’s actions across situation automatically. The another main process is retention process which refers to memorizing that has been observed. For the positive perspective, in order to achieve the goal, it is important that the person participants in the process actively rather than being a passive spectator. Obviously, behavior therapy is likely to be a function in prescribing curative procedures that will lead to improved behavior. Evaluate the treatment of efficacy Psychoanalysis therapy Generally, psychoanalysis treatment is done by face-to-face individually with the patient rather than group work. The psychologists focus in treatment are usually analyze the patients’ situation and the way related to their  conflicts or problems. First of all, in the short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy general target in social functioning and clarify what psychiatric symptoms is. According to Erik Driessen (2011, 74(1):58-71), Short-term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy (STPP) is used to treat in personality and depression disorders. Utilizing the time-honoured approach is likely a way to evaluate a patient for their development. He has also done the research that 68% of 341 patients for major depressive disorder have been counted in the primary analysis for 3 months. Although the consequence has no significant differences between on any treatment, psychodynamic psychotherapy is tend to be effective treatment only when it analyses the slowly growing body of work. In the other hand, due to the insufficient short-term psychotherapy, psychologists examine the efficacy to long-term psychotherapy in complex mental health. During in their experiment lasting for least a year, 971 patients have been included to conduct a meta-analysis of Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP). The result demonstrated that the participants (LTPP) compared with the less intensive forms of psychotherapy between 0.48 – 0.68 (effect size). That means LTPP is superior than less intensive forms of psychotherapy in complex mental health. Obviously, long-term psychotherapy is tend to be more essential and efficient than other psychotherapy. (Leichsenring, 2011) Behaviour therapy Behaviour Modification is the importance of experimental analysis of behaviour development which are based in operant conditioning or the practical development in order to alter behaviour. According to the University Complutense of Madrid, (Labardor, 2004) the research indicated that psychotherapy could be used to control the sense of trying to recover or alter behaviour.( p178-187) For example, if the individual who is depressed, create a new possibility: encourage he/she to seek out reinforcers through hobbies or social activities which the problem could be extinguished. For any disorder, utilizing behavioural programmes lead to let the patient learn or identify the problem behaviour and solve. Furthermore, a group of people who are experienced in long working hour, tend to be encountered the problem of insomnia. When the situation is inability to obtain adequate amount of sleep within 15 minutes, it is recommended to set a limit hours in every night. (Peter, 2011) Sleep restriction is a behavior  therapy of treatment for insomnia. Sleeping in the limiting time, sleep efficiency would be improved by your behaviour change as applying the psychotherapy. However, the treatment of behaviour therapy could not apply all circumstances due to the restriction of person. For example, in some case, a loss of important information of the person of causes or the person’s history to determine current behaviour. Conclusion In this essay, it compare and contrast the differences between psychoanalysis therapy and behavior therapy. Psychoanalysis therapy is the method which used to extinguish a person’s depression with using the social-theoretical thinking and the concept of physical health problem. Comparing with the behaviour therapy, it appears to emphasize the idea we learn from the environment thus behavior change. Indeed, living in a modern world, ‘imitation’ is the technical ability which is inherent – belonging to the basic nature of someone. The human’s behaviour is led to follow by observing the behaviors of others. Although, these two therapies aims to deal with a range of psychological difficulties, behaviour therapy tends to contribute directly to the patient for treating his/her feelings or action. However, in another way, behaviour therapy is not the best treatment which use to approach serious psychological disorder such as depression and anxiety disorder. Reference list: 1. Cherry, K (2010). The Everything Psychology Book: Explore the Human Psyche and Understand Why We Do the Things We Do . 2nd ed. 0: Adams Media Corporation. p5-8 2. Driessen E. (2011). The efficacy of short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy for depressive disorders with comorbid personality disorder. Psychiatry 74(1):58-71. 3. Driessen E; Cuijpers P; de Maat SC; Abbass AA; de Jonghe F; Dekker JJ: The efficacy of short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy for depression: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2010; 30:25–36 4. Elliott, A (1995). Psychoanalysis in contexts. USA: Routledge. P2. 5. Freud, S (2002). Sigmund Freud. London: Routledge. p. 5-7 6. Grohol, J. (2008). What is Good Mental Health?. Psych Central. Retrieved on October 20, 2013, from http://psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2008/06/02/what-is-good-mental-health/ 7. Lawrance A. Vitulano, Jacob Kraemer Tebes. Child and adolescent behaviour therapy. In: Melwin Lewis Ed: Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, A Comprehensive Textbook. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002:998-1015 8. Leichsenring, F. (2011). Long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy in complex mental disorder. The british Journal of Psycharity. 10 (2), p15-22. 9. Labardor, F. (2004). The spanish Journal of Psychology. Skinner and the Rise of Behavior Modification and Behavior Therapy. 7 (2), p178-187. 10. Markman ,A. (2013). Psychology Today. Available: http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/ulterior-motives/201306/culture-affects-attention-goals-and-processes. 11. Peter, B. (2011). Sleep Restriction is an Effective Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia. 12. Steiner, J . (1997). Earky infantile develoment as reflected in the psychoanalytical process: step in integration. In: Elizabeth Bott Spillius psychoanalysis, literature and War. New York: Britush Library Cataloguing in Publication Data. p64-69

Why Should We Live Essay - 1663 Words

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Christianity And World Changing By James Davison Hunter

Many people believe that that the motivation of the Christian church is to radically â€Å"change the world†. However, through his book To Change The World, James Davison Hunter explains how this common believe is a misconception. Rather, he shows readers that, from a sociological perspective, while Christians thrive in many areas of life by reaching others individually, they fundamentally components of creating cultural change. Hunter’s first essay, titled â€Å"Christianity And World-Changing† attempts to refute the common assumption that cultures can be changed â€Å"one heart at a time† or, in other words, from the bottom up. Hunter argues the contrary, that cultures are usually changed from top to bottom through small networks of elites. These networks create space for thinking about an alternative culture, which allows our thinking to then spreads outward (p. 78). In other words, Hunter explains his want and anticipation for Christian leaders to come forth and create the foundation for a more powerful change in culture. However, he explains that this needs to be done without resorting to force or imposition. He later calls the â€Å"Constantinian error† (p. 152). In his second essay, titled â€Å"Rethinking Power† describes this â€Å"Constantinian error† and the different ways that Christians try to create change in culture. He focuses on three major Christian culture-changing movements of our day: the Christian right, the Christian left, and the Neo-Anabaptists. All of these movements lack an